CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
The
availability of clean water in urban environments decrease, whereas the need to
clean water are increasing in accordance with increasingly complex society
lifestyle. Therefore it is necessary to have efficient measures in order to keep the clean water
availability, both in terms of quality and quantity.
The availability
of clean water is one of the major problems in urban areas. This
problem is closely related to the use, maintenance and preservation of water sources
which are generally located in the surrounding area (Tjahjati, et al., 2005:8).
One aspect that must be taken to ensure that water availability is not decreasing that is the presence of water use efficiency
measures, which can be done through the management of water use within the
family, so there is availability
of sufficient water in urban environments. One of the way to do that is by controlling the use of
water by each family member.
Another attempt can be done by a
collective society is
maintaining and preserving the environment to ensure the sustainable water availability. Ways
that can be done partly by "Million
Trees" planting movement program,
meaning that everyone one can
grow a kind of long-lived
woody local plant as well as providing rain water catchment area
that can help water absorption into
the soil.
Besides the
community, the city government also plays an important role in fulfilling the
availability of clean water. Government
should be able to coordinate the city water supply system as efficiently as
possible. One of
the way done by the government
to meet the availability of clean water for urban communities is a safe and well management of water sources in the environment managed by the tap water company.
In order to keep the clean water sustainability, there must be some alternative ways such as the utilization of ground water. Ground
water is a natural source that is effective enough to overcome the problem of
limited water, however, their use should not be excessive because it can cause
environmental damage.
To ensure the continuity of clean water supply
which is
eligible for the needs of urban society, the concept of water management should
be a city management scenario. The
concept of sustainable development is proposed as an attempt to combine the
urgent need for development and the importance of protecting the environment
(Tjahjati, et al., 2005:375-401).
B.
Identification
of problems
Based on the background of the above
problems can be revealed some problems as follows:
1.
How is the need level for clean water by the
urban society?
2.
Is the
water supply sufficient for the urban society?
3.
How is
the efficency level of water use by the
urban society in general?
4.
How is the ability of the water sources management
by the urban society?
5. How is
the contribution of urban society to the availability of clean water in their
environment?
C.
Hypothesis
Based
on the above problem
formulation, the hypothesis can be
proposed as
follows:
1. The level of
clean water needs of urban communities is increasing.
2. Water
supply is already sufficient
for the urban society.
3. Level of
water use efficiency for the urban society in general is relatively low.
4. Ability
of water management by the urban society is relatively low.
5. Contribution
of urban society to water supply in the environment is still relatively low.
D.
Research
Objectives
Based on the above problem formulation can be obtained several research objectives:
Based on the above problem formulation can be obtained several research objectives:
1. To determine the need level for the
availability of clean water sources used by urban society.
2. To determine
the availability of clean water needed by the urban society.
3. To determine
the efficiency level of water use by urban society in general.
4. To determine
the ability of water sources management
by the urban society.
5. To determine
the contribution of urban society to the availability of clean water in their
environment.
E.
Benefits
of Research
Benefits of research are:
1. Informing
the public about the need for clean water sources availability by the urban society.
2. Informing
the public about the availability of clean water needed by the urban society.
3. Informing
the public about the level of water use efficiency for the urban society in general.
4. Informing
the public about the ability of the water sources
management by the urban society.
5. Informing
the public about how far the urban society
contribution to the water supply in their environment
F.
How
to Get Data
Data obtained through observation and
filling questionnaires to 100 respondents in the Pangenjurutengah Village, Purworejo District.
G.
Data
Analysis Techniques
Data were analyzed by descriptive
comparative to see how far the water needs by the urban society, clean water supply is sufficient for the urban society or
not, the level of water use efficiency by the urban society in
general, the ability of the management of water sources by the urban society, and
contribution of urban society to clean water supply in their environment.
CHAPTER
II
REVIEW OF STUDY
REVIEW OF STUDY
A.
Water
availability in the Community
Clean water in human life is one of the
most important need, so it needs to fulfill both in quantity and adequate
quality. In addition to water consumption, clean water can
also be used as one tool in improving quality of life through improving the
health status (Sutrisno, 1991:1).
The main purpose of water supply system is
to provide clean water to the desired places with a sufficient amount. But
today there are restrictions in the amount of water that can be obtained
because of the energy savings and the limited sources of water (Noerbambang,
1993:3).
According to Chatib (1996:25), in a review
of the technical aspects, the provision of clean water can be divided into two
systems, namely:
1) Individual water
supply systems (Individual Water Supply System), the water supply system for
individual use or limited service. Sources of water used in these systems generally come
from the ground.
2)
Water supply systems in urban communities (Community /
Municipality Water Supply System), a
water supply system for the general public or the scale of the city, and for
comprehensive services, including for domestic use (domestic), social and industrial.
Water supply system according to
Noerbambang (1993:13,31,51) includes some equipment such as an underground
water tank, water tank on the roof, pumps, piping, and so forth.
At the current water supply system that is
widely used can be grouped as follows: (1) The direct connection, (2) roof tank
system, (3) pressed tank
system and (4) Systems with no tank (booster system).
B.
Urban
Water Supply
Urban water needs currently can be met through two systems namely: piping systems and non-pipeline system. Piping
system is a system where water supply is done through the management of water
from its source to its service area (customers) which are usually performed by the Tap Water Company (PDAM). While
the non-pipeline system is the water supply system which can be obtained
naturally, either directly or indirectly, such as well water, river water, lake
water, rain water or other water sources.
According Kemmemer in Raharjo (2002:20) the
utilization of water sources for urban water needs can be done in two ways:
1) Drain water from
the water source
to the users or the public service is used for urban water needs, including the
need for domestic and
public activities,
known as public service. This
service is performed by the local government implementation undertaken by the Tap Water Company (PDAM). This
service is chargeable under and in accordance with the meter system.
2) Pursue your
own by digging wells. Excavation
of the well is mostly done by people to provide for domestic, commercial, and industrial.
Factors affecting urban water demand is as
follows (Linsley, et al., in Raharjo,
2002: 23):
1) Climate,
water needs for daily living such as bathing, washing, watering the plants
growing in the dry season.
2) The
characteristics of the population, living standards and socio-economic
condition conditions of the population has a positive correlation with the
mount of water needs. It means that people
with a good socio-economic conditions and high living standards will require more water than
people with poor socioeconomic conditions and lower living standards.
3) Water
rater and meter, when the price of water is expensive, people will be more
restrained in the use of water.
4) City size,
indicated by the number of facilities and infrastructure owned by a city. The more facilities and infrastructure owned by a city, the more water used by the city.
1.
Water
Supply for Home Need
Fulfilling the
needs of water for drinking water is done by the development of domestic water
supply system. Household
water is water with a standard can be drunk directly without cooking it and it has been stated in advance that it is healthy according to results of
microbiological testing (E. coli test). Development
of drinking water systems are expanding and improving physical and nonphysical
systems in complete unity to provide drinking water that meets certain
standards of quality for the community towards a better state (Kodoatie, et
al., 2005:286).
The
most important physical characteristics that affect water quality is determined
by the total solid material either floating or dissolved, turbidity, color,
smell, and taste as well as temperature or water temperature. While
the chemical characteristics of the water content of the chemicals contained in
water which affect the suitability of water include pH, alkalinity, cations,
and anions dissolved and hardness. While
the biological characteristics of water include the types of living organisms
that may be contained in the water either microscopic, macroscopic, and bacteria.
Based on the level of
consumption and the need for clean water for everyone, is strongly influenced
by the level of activity, lifestyle, and socioeconomic conditions. The
need for clean water is not only about the quantity but also quality based on the purpose. For
example, drinking water quality standard will be more stringent than the water
quality standard for other needs such as washing the car or industrial purposes
(Soemarwoto, 2001:39).
C.
Water
Resources Management
Various
causes which disrupt
the sustainability of water resources according to Kodoatie, et al. (2002:13),
namely:
1) The decreasing of land
as water catchment areas, this is due to thea lot of area which
is used as residential areas.
2) The decreasing of land as water catchment areas, this is due
to thea lot of area which is used as residential areas.
3) The decreasing of water quality due to the excessive of waste dumped into rivers causing pollution.
4) The decreasing capacity of the environment on the
preservation of the functions and benefits of water resources due to lack of
awareness of human beings to care for the environment.
5) The disruption of the sustainability of water
resources and threat to the preservation of the waters buildings due to uncontrolled excavation of
mineral for the
building.
1. Utilization of Ground Water
Groundwater
is a source of planet Earth's largest freshwater. Lately,
the use of ground water is increasing rapidly, even in some places the level of
exploitation has reached a dangerous level. The
tendency to choose the groundwater as a source of clean water than surface
water due to ground water has several advantages, among others: (1) available
close to the place where it is needed, so that the pipeline system needed or distribution is cheaper, (2) Water production of wells are usually relatively
stable, (3) cleaner from contaminants of surface pollutants, (4) The quality is more uniform
and (5) free from turbidity, bacteria, mildew, or water plants
and animals (Suripin, 2004:132-141).
2.
Soil
Water Conservation
Population growth and
rapid development has led to changes in land use. This is
caused of the large open fields or forests that serve as residential and industrial areas. This
not only occurs in urban areas but is reaching the cultivated area and
protected areas that serve as water catchment areas.
To cope with the soil
water deficit, many thinkers have proposed the concept of artificial
replenishment, for example with an artificial pool of water resources from
rivers, making ponds around the house, the use of porous pipe drainage nets to absorb rain water
around the house, and
water spread on land as well as to irrigate the vast agricultural areas. Another
way that has actually been widely practiced by our ancestors are the wells,
namely by making the holes dug in the garden and take advantage of the wells which are not used as a rain water collection. The
basic concept of well is basically a drainage system where rainwater that fell
from the roof or land watertight fit on a water catchment system, either
individual wells or
collective wells.
Collective wells must
also consider the layout and the right distance in order to function properly
and do not
cause a negative impact on the environment. Based
on the available land, collective wells can be made in the form of absorption ponds, wells, or trenches. Absorption pond
is suitable made in
area where there is enough land and shallow soil water conditions (< 5m). Deep
wells can be made on a narrow area, but the conditions must be in the ground
water (> 5m). Meanwhile,
if the land is narrow and shallow groundwater can be made into trenches.
The benefits of
artificial water wells according to Research and Development in Central Java
Bappeda Level I (1995:5), among others: (1) to increase and raise the water, especially
shallow groundwater, (2) to increase the potential for soil or water sources , (3) To reduce leakage or intrusion of sea water onto land,
(4) to reduce the pool of flood water or flood, (5) To reduce the risk of landslides and land
subsidence in the area around the wells, (6) To conserve and save water resources for the long period and
(7) To support the success of reforestation.
3.
Management
Principles in the Management of Water Supply
Management of water
resources covers three
aspects that must be
considered namely:
aspects of the use, preservation or conservation aspects, and control aspects (Kodoatie, et al, 2002:29). In
terms of utilization of clean water, it should be coupled with the preservation or
conservation so that utilization can be sustained. A good
water conservation is a combination of two concepts, namely storing water in
times of water excess,
and using it as least as possible for a
particular productive purposes (Suripin, 2002:13).
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A.
Population:
Urban society in Purworejo District.
B. Sampel:
100 respondents in the Village of Pangenjurutengah
100 respondents in the Village of Pangenjurutengah
C. Location:
Village of Pangenjurutengah , Purworejo District
Village of Pangenjurutengah , Purworejo District
D.
Research variables:
1.
The
independent variable:
The level of education,
occupation, income level and family size.
2. Variable
response:
The amount of water need by the community is measured by the cost of monthly expenses and
contribution society.
E.
Tools
The tools used in this penelitiaan as follows:
1)
Camera
2)
Tape recorder
3) Questionnaires
4)
Stationery
F.
Work Steps
1. Visit the homes of residents in urban areas of Purworejo.
2.
Observe how the environment around water sources they have.
3. Filed a questionnaire to every head of household to determine the level of water need and the factors that influence it.
4. Make the documentation of these activities.